HELD:
The rule of exhaustion of statutory remedies before
a writ is granted is a rule of self imposed limitation, a rule of policy and
discretion rather than a rule of law and the court may therefore in exceptional
cases issue a writ such as a writ of certiorari notwithstanding the fact that
the statutory remedies have not been exhausted
There are at least two well recognised
exceptions to the doctrine with regard to the exhaustion of statutory remedies.
In the first place it is well-settled that where proceedings are taken before a
Tribunal under a provision of law, which
is ultra vires, it is open to a party aggrieved thereby to move the High Court
under Art. 226 for issuing appropriate writs for quashing them on the ground
that they are incompetent. without his being obliged to wait until those
proceedings run their full course.
In the second place the doctrine has no
application in a case where the impugned order has been made in violation of the
principle of natural justice.
In the present case in view of the allegations
of the appellant that the .taxing provisions were ultra vires and that there
was a violation of the principles of natural justice the High Court was in
error in summarily dismissing the writ petition on the ground that the
appellant had an alternative remedy of statutory appeal. The High Court was no
doubt vested with a discretion but in the present case the discretion had not
been exercised in accordance with law.
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
PETITIONER: BABU RAM PRAKASH
CHANDRA MAHESHWARI
Vs.
RESPONDENT: ANTARIM ZILA PARISHAD MUZAFFAR NAGAR
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/08/1968
BENCH:
RAMASWAMI, V.
SHAH, J.C.
GROVER, A.N.
CITATION: 1969 AIR 556 1969
SCR (1) 518
ACT: Constitution of India,
Art. 226--Alternative remedies not availed of--High Court can still entertain
writ petition and issue writ of certiorari where Tribunal has acted on a provision
of law which is ultra vires and where natural justice is denied.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant was a partnership firm carrying on
the business of manufacturing Khandsari Sugar in the District of Muzaffarnagar,
U.P. Under s. 114- of the U.P. District Boards Act X of 1922 a District Board had
power to levy a tax on circumstances and property subject to certain conditions
and restrictions. The powers of District Boards, under the aforesaid Act were
by virtue of the U.P. Antarim Zila Parishad Act, 1958 conferred on the
Parishads formed under the latter Act. The U.P. Antarim Zila Parishad Act 1958
expired on 31st December, 1959 but its life was extended to 31st December, 1960
by .Amending Act No. 1 1960 which received the assent of the Governor on
January 5, 1960. When the taxing officer of the Antarim Zila Parishad
Muzaffarnagar subjected the appellant to circumstances and property tax for
1959-60 the appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court contending inter alia
that Amending Act No. 1 of 1960 could not continue the Act of 1958 because the
latter had already expired on 31st December, 1959 while the former
received the consent of the Governor on January 5, 1960. The constitutionality
of the taxing provisions was also challenged. The writ petition was dismissed
by the High Court on the sole ground that the remedy by way of appeal under s.
128 of the District Boards Act 1922, had not been exhausted. The U.P. Kshetra
Samitis and Zila Parishads Adhiniyam of 1961 (U.P. Act 32 of 1961) was passed
in November, 1961. Acting under it the .taxing officer of the Zila Parishad
subjected the appellant to circumstances and property tax for the year 1961-62
without giving any notice or inviting objections. In respect of this assessment
also the appellant filed a writ petition in the High Court pleading denial of
natural justice as well as challenging the constitutionality of the taxing
provisions. This petition was also dismissed on the same ground as the earlier
one. The appellant came to this Court.
JUDGMENT: RAMASWAMI,
V. Judge
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION:
Civil Appeal No. 605 of 1966.
Appeal
by special leave from the judgment and decree dated March 27, 1964 of the
Allahabad High Court in Special Appeal No. 322 of 1964.
E.C.
Agarwala and E. Udayarathnam, for the appellant.
M.C.
Chagla and P.C. Agrawala, for the respondent.
The appellant is a partnership firm consisting
of two brothers Lala Baburam and Shri Prakash Chandra, carrying on the business
of manufacturing Khandsari sugar in the district of Muzaffarnagar. The
partnership firm carries on its business through its two units (1) one located
in the village Basera and run under the name and style of M/s. Baburam Ashok
Kumar and (2) the other located in village Morna and run under the name and
style of M/s. Baburam Prakash Chandra, both in the district of Muzaffarnagar.
The case of the appellant was that the business of manufacturing Khandsari was
seasonal and was carried on at both the places for less than 5 months in a year,
i.e., from the month of November to the beginning of April. Under the U.P. District Boards Act No.
X of 1922, the District Board of Muzaffarnagar was empowered to levy tax under
ss. 108 and. 114 in the rural area. Section 114 was to the following effect:
"The power of
a board to impose a tax on circumstances
and property shall be subject to the following conditions and restrictions namely
:--
The tax may be imposed on any person residing or
carrying on business in the rural area provided that such person has so resided
or carried on business for a total period of at least six months in the year
under assessment.
The total amount of tax imposed on any person shall
not exceed such maximum (if any) as may be prescribed by rule. Under s. 123 of
that Act the matters relating to the assessment and collection of taxes were to
be governed by rules framed under s. 172 of that Act. On March 1,. 1928, the
Government of U.P. issued notification no. 315/LX-413 notifying the rules for
the rules for the assessment and collection of a tax on circumstances and
property in the rural area of the Muzaffarnagar district. The rules provided,
among other matters, that all the activities of an assessee within the
district, whether carried on under the same or different name, shall be
considered in calculating the total amount to be assessed; and the tax shall be
assessed by an Assessing Officer appointed by the District Board, and the list
of assessment of the preceding year ending December 31, shall be completed on
or before January 20, and shall be submitted to the Board which will return it by
February 15 to the Assessing Officer for being revised and thereafter the
Assessing Officer shah give notice of a date not less than one month when he
will proceed to consider the objection. The assessee may file objections before
the date fixed and thereafter the Assessing Officer shall allow the assessee an
opportunity to be heard. Rule 16 read with Rule 2 fixed the maximum limit of
the total amount of tax assessed on any person not to exceed Rs. 2,000/- in any
year, having regard to all the activities of an assessee within the district
whether carried on under the same or a different name. In the year 1950 the
Constitution of India was promulgated and under el. 2 of Art. 276 the total
amount payable in respect of any one person to the district board, local Board
or other local authority in the State by way of taxes on professions, trades,
callings and employments shall not exceed two hundred and fifty rupees per
annum. On August 22, 1958, the U.P. Antarim Zila Parishad Act of 1958 (U.P. Act
no. XXII of 1958) passed by the U.P. Legislature received the assent of the
Governor and was published in the U.P. Gazette dated August 23, 1958. Clause
(3) of s. 1 of the U.P. Antarim Zila Parishad Act, 1958 runs as follows :--
"It shall be deemed to have come into force on
the 29th day of April, 1958, and shall expire on the 31st day of December,
1959."
But the Amending Act (U.P. Act no. 1 of 1960)
received the assent of the Governor on January 5, 1960 whereby the figure 1960
was substituted in place of 1959 in el. (3) of s. 1 of U.P. Act XXII of 1958.
The case of the appellant is that the original Act no. XXII of 1958 had expired
on December 31, 1959 and as such could not be revived on January 5; 1960 when
the Amending Act no. 1 of 1960 received the assent of the Governor and that
fresh legislation was necessary. On March 20, 1960, a copy of the Assessment
Order assessing the appellant to the maximum amount of Rs. 2,000/- as circumstances
and property tax for the assessment year 1959- 60 was issued by the Antarim
Zila Parishad Muzaffarnagar. The assessment order was issued by Shri O.P. Varma
purporting to act as a Taxing Officer of the Antarim Zila Parishad. Aggrieved
by the assessment order, the appellant filed a Civil Miscellaneous Writ
Petition no. 1780 of 1960 in the Allahabad High Court challenging the authority
of the respondent Antarim Zila Parishad to impose the tax and praying for the
grant of a writ to quash the said assessment order. The writ petition was
summarily dismissed on July 21, 1960 by Jagdish Sahai, J. on a preliminary
point that the appellant had a right to appeal to the prescribed authority
under s. 128 of U.P. Act no. X of 1922.
The appellant thereafter preferred a Special
Appeal no. 452 of 1960 in the Allahabad High Court against the order of Jagdish
Sahai, J. which was also dismissed on the ground that the appellant had an
alternative remedy of appeal. During the pendency of the Special Appeal no. 452
of 1960, another new Act, namely the U.P. Kshetra Samitis and Zila Parishads
Adhiniyam of 1961 (i.e., the U.P. Act no. XXXII of 1961).was passed by the U.P.
Legislature and on November 29, 1961 received the assent of the President of
India. The case of the appellant is that on January 15, 1962, without giving
any notice or inviting any objections, the Taxing Officer Shri O.P. Verma
passed the assessment order for 1961-62 in respect of the circumstances and
property tax regarding the Basera Unit.
Being aggrieved by the two separate assessment
orders of Rs. 2000/- each in respect of the two units of Morana and Basera for
the years 1961-62, the. appellant filed again in the Allahabad High Court a writ
petition no. 2371 of 1962 under Art. 226 of the Constitution. The writ petition
was summarily dismissed by S. N. Dwivedi, 1. on, February 13, 1964. The
appellanttook the matter in appeal in. Special Appel no. 322 of 1964 but the
Special Appeal was dismissed by the Division Bench on March 27, 1964 on the
ground’ that the appellant had not availed himself of the alternative remedy by
way of appeal.
The present appeal is brought to this Court by special
leave from the judgment of the Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court dated
March 27, 1964 in Special’ Appeal no. 322 of 1964.
The sole argument presented on behalf of the
appellant is that the High Court was in error in holding that an appeal under
the U.P. District Boards Act no. X of 1922 was an adequate and efficacious
remedy and that the appellant should have exhausted’ the statutory remedy
before applying for a writ under Art. 226 of the Constitution.
It is a well-established proposition of law that
when an alternative and equally efficacious remedy is open to a litigant he
should be required to pursue that remedy and not to invoke the special
jurisdiction of the High Court to issue a prerogative writ. It is true that the
existence of a statutory remedy does not affect the jurisdiction of the High
Court to issue a writ. But, as observed by this Court in Rashid Ahmed v. The Municipal Board, Kairana [1950] S.C.R. 566,
"the existence of an adequate legal remedy is a thing to be taken into
consideration in the matter of granting writs" and where such a remedy
exists it will be a sound exercise of discretion to refuse to interfere. in a
writ petition unless there are good grounds therefore. But it should be remembered
that the rule of exhaustion of statutory remedies before a writ is granted is a
rule of self imposed limitation, a rule of policy, and discretion rather than a
rule of law and the court may therefore in exceptional cases issue a writ such
as a writ of certiorari notwithstanding the fact that the statutory remedies
have not been exhausted”. In The State
of Uttar Pradesh v. Mohammad Nooh [1958] S.C.R. 595, 605, S.R. Das, C.J.,
speaking for the Court, observed:
"In the next place it
must be borne in mind that there is no rule, with regard to certiorari as there
is with mandamus, that it will lie only where there is no other equally
effective remedy. It is well established that, provided the requisite grounds
exist, certiorari will lie although a right of appeal has been conferred by
statute. (Halsbury’s Laws of England, 3rd Ed., Vol. II, p. 130 and the cases
cited there). The fact that the aggrieved party has another and adequate remedy
may be taken into consideration by the superior court in ’ arriving at a conclusion
as to whether it should, in exercise of its discretion, issue a writ of
certiorari to quash the proceedings and decisions of inferior courts
subordinate to it and ordinarily the superior court will decline to interfere
until the aggrieved party has exhausted his other statutory remedies, if any.
But this rule requiring the exhaustion of statutory remedies before the writ
will be granted is a rule of policy, convenience and discretion rather than a
rule of law and instances are numerous where a writ of certiorari has been
issued in spite of the fact that the aggrieved party. had other adequate legal
remedies. In the King v. Postmaster-.
General Ex parte Carmichael [1928 (1) K.B. 291] a certiorari was issued
although the aggrieved party had and alternative remedy by way of appeal. It
has been held’ that the superior court will readily issue a certiorari in a
case where there has been a denial of natural justice before a court of summary
jurisdiction. The case of Rex v. Wandsworth Justices Ex parte Read [1942 (1)
K.B. 281] is an authority in point. In that case a man had been convicted in a
court of summary jurisdiction without giving him an opportunity of being heard.
It Was held that his remedy was not by a case stated or by an appeal before the
quarter sessions but by application to the High Court for an order of
certiorari to remove and quash the conviction."
There are at least two well-recognised
exceptions to .the doctrine with regard to the exhaustion of statutory remedies.
In the first place, it is well-settled that where proceedings are taken before
a Tribunal under a provision of law, which is ultra vires, it is open to a
party aggrieved thereby to move the High Court under Art. 226 for issuing appropriate
writs for quashing them on the ground that they are incompetent, without his
being obliged to wait until those proceedings run their full course.--(See the
decisions of this Court in Carl Still
G.m.b.H.v. The State Bihar A.I.R.
1961 S.C. 1615 and The Bengal Immunity
Co. Ltd. v. The State Bihar [1955] 2 S.C.R. 603. In the second place, the
doctrine has no application in a case where the impugned order has been made in
violation of the principles of natural justice (See The State of Uttar Pradesh v. Mohammad Nooh [1958] S.C.R,. 595.
It
is manifest in the present case that the appellant had alleged in the writ
petition that the Taxing Officer had no authority to impose the tax and there
was no validly constituted Antarim Zila Parishad after December 31, 1959. It
was further alleged that ss. 114 and 124 of the U.P. District Boards Act no. X
of 1922 violated Art. 14 of the Constitution as arbitrary power was granted to
District Boards as well as the State Government to exempt any person or class
of persons or any property or class of properties from the scope of the Act.
There is also an allegation that the imposition of the tax violated the
provisions of Art. 276 of the Constitution and that the Antarim Zila Parishad could
not impose the tax beyond the maximum limit of Rs. 250/per annum prescribed in
that Article. It was further contended on behalf of the appellant that the
procedure for assessment of the tax was not followed and there was violation of
the principles of natural justice. In
view of the allegations of the appellant that the taxing provisions are ultra
vires and that there was violation of the principles of natural justice, we think that the High Court was in error
in summarily dismissing the writ petition on the ground that the appellant had
an alternative remedy of statutory. appeal. It was contended by Mr. Chagla
on behalf of the respondent that in dismissing the writ petition the High Court
was acting in its discretion. But it is manifest in the present case that the
discretion of the High Court has not been exercised in accordance with law and
the judgments of the Division Bench dated March 27, 1964 and of the learned
Single Judge dated February 13, 1964 summarily dismissing the writ petition are
defective in law.
For the reasons expressed we hold that
this appeal must be allowed, the judgments of the Division Bench in Special Appeal
no. 322 of 1964 dated March 27, 1964 and of the learned Single Judge dated
February 13, 1964 should be set aside and Civil Miscellaneous Writ no. 2371 of
1962 should be restored to file and dealt with in accordance with law.
There will be no order with regard to
the costs of this appeal in this Court.
Appeal allowed.
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